What is HMPV?

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a type of virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. First identified in 2001, it is primarily known to affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, leading to conditions like bronchitis, pneumonia, and in some cases, asthma exacerbations.

Although it was initially discovered in the early 2000s, HMPV has been found to be relatively common, particularly in children and older adults, during the colder months when respiratory infections tend to peak.

How is HMPV Spread?

Like many other respiratory infections, HMPV is spread through respiratory droplets that are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Close contact with infected individuals or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face can also lead to the transmission of the virus.

The virus is highly contagious, and it can spread rapidly in settings such as schools, daycare centres, nursing homes, and hospitals.

Symptoms of HMPV Infection

The symptoms of HMPV can range from mild to severe and often resemble those of other common respiratory illnesses, such as the flu or a cold. The most common symptoms are:

• Fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle aches

In more severe cases, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems, HMPV can lead to severe respiratory conditions like pneumonia or bronchitis.

Who is Most at Risk?

• Infants and young children: Their immune systems are still developing, making them more susceptible to respiratory infections.
• Elderly adults: Age-related weakening of the immune system increases vulnerability to viral infections.
• People with weakened immune systems: Individuals with chronic medical conditions or compromised immune systems (e.g., cancer, organ transplants, etc.) are more likely to experience serious complications.
• Individuals with respiratory conditions: Those with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience more severe symptoms and complications from HMPV.

Diagnosis of HMPV

To diagnose an HMPV infection, doctors typically conduct a thorough physical exam and take a detailed medical history. In some cases, diagnostic tests such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests or rapid antigen tests may be used to confirm the presence of the virus in the respiratory tract. Because the symptoms of HMPV closely resemble other viral infections, such as RSV and influenza, laboratory tests are often required to make an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment for HMPV

At present, there is no targeted antiviral treatment available for HMPV. In most cases, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the body’s natural immune response. Common treatments include:

• Rest: Adequate rest helps the immune system fight off the virus.
• Fluids: Staying hydrated is important to prevent dehydration, especially if fever is present.
• Pain relievers and fever reducers: Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate pain and reduce fever.
• Cough medicine: Some people find relief from cough with over-the-counter medications or natural remedies.

In severe cases, hospitalization may be required, particularly for those experiencing difficulty breathing, dehydration, or other complications.

Preventive measures to avoid HMPV infections

• Wash your hands regularly: Soap and water are the most effective way to remove germs and viruses.
• Covering coughs and sneezes: Use a tissue or the crook of your elbow to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals: Stay away from people who have symptoms of respiratory illness, especially if you are in a high-risk group.
• Disinfecting surfaces: Regularly clean and disinfect frequently-touched surfaces, such as doorknobs, light switches, and cell phones.
• Vaccination: Although there is currently no vaccine available for HMPV, staying up-to-date on vaccinations for other respiratory infections (e.g., the flu and pneumonia vaccines) can help protect against complications.